Als vs Wenn: Which German 'When' Do You Need?

Distinguish a single past occasion from repeated or conditional situations.

DE005 · DE · A2 / B1 · grammar, tenses

The question

Why is it Als ich klein war but Wenn ich Zeit habe?

Als commonly introduces a situation or event viewed as one occasion or period in the past: Als ich klein war, wohnte ich in Bonn (When I was little, I lived in Bonn). Wenn expresses conditions or recurring occasions, in the present, future or past: Wenn ich Zeit habe, lese ich (When/if I have time, I read).

Different uses of 'when'

ContextGermanMeaning
One past occasionAls er ankam, gingen wir los.When he arrived, we set off.
Past life periodAls ich Student war, hatte ich wenig Geld.When I was a student, I had little money.
Repeated past eventsWenn es regnete, blieben wir zu Hause.Whenever it rained, we stayed home.
ConditionWenn du möchtest, können wir gehen.If you want, we can leave.

Both als and wenn introduce subordinate clauses, so their finite verbs normally come at the end: als er ankam; wenn du Zeit hast. When that subordinate clause comes first, the following main clause begins with its finite verb: Wenn es regnet, bleiben wir zu Hause.

Common mistake

Avoid *Wenn ich gestern ankam for a single completed arrival yesterday in this meaning; use Als ich gestern ankam. For repeated arrivals, wenn can be appropriate.

Remember

Als points to one past occasion or period; wenn points to repeated situations or conditions. Both trigger subordinate-clause verb-final order.

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